Kidney Stones
Kidney stones can cause excruciating pain and urinary complications. Our urologists offer the full range of minimally invasive treatments — from shockwave lithotripsy to laser stone removal.
Overview
Kidney stones (renal calculi) are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. They vary in size from tiny crystals to large staghorn stones filling the kidney. Small stones may pass naturally, but larger stones can block urine flow, causing severe pain, infection, and kidney damage.
Treatment depends on stone size, location, and composition. ESWL uses external shockwaves to break stones. RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery) reaches stones inside the kidney using a flexible scope and laser. PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy) removes large stones through a tiny back incision.
Causes
- Dehydration — concentrated urine promotes crystal formation
- High-sodium, high-oxalate diet
- Family history of kidney stones
- Obesity
- Certain medical conditions — hyperparathyroidism, gout, recurrent UTIs
- Certain medications — calcium supplements, diuretics
Symptoms
- Severe, colicky flank pain radiating to the groin
- Blood in urine (haematuria)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Frequent, urgent, or painful urination
- Fever and chills — if there's a concurrent infection
Diagnosis
- Non-contrast CT scan (KUB) — gold standard, detects 99% of stones
- Ultrasound — good for initial screening and follow-up, no radiation
- X-ray KUB — useful for tracking radiopaque stones
- Urine analysis — checks for blood, infection, and crystal type
- Blood tests — kidney function, calcium, uric acid levels
Treatment Options
ESWL (Shockwave Lithotripsy)
Non-invasive external shockwaves break stones into sand-like particles. No incision, day-care.
RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery)
Flexible ureteroscope reaches stones inside kidney. Holmium laser pulverises them. For stones under 2cm.
PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy)
Tiny back incision to directly access and remove large (>2cm) or staghorn stones.
URS (Ureteroscopy)
Rigid scope removes stones lodged in the ureter. Laser breaks the stone for natural passage.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can kidney stones pass on their own?
Stones under 5mm pass spontaneously in 80-90% of cases with increased water intake and medication. Larger stones usually need intervention.
How can I prevent kidney stones from coming back?
Drink 2.5-3 litres of water daily, reduce salt and animal protein intake, and follow dietary advice based on your stone type.
Ready to Discuss Your Treatment?
Our kidney stones specialists in Kondapur are here to help. Most consultations available within 24 hours.